Historians do not fully agree on the causes of the fall of the Ottoman Empire, but we still can list some influencing factors.
The Ottoman Empire was once one of the largest military and economic powers in the world, and in its golden age in the fifteenth century. Although the Ottoman Empire continued to dominate for more than 600 years. It succumbed to what most historians describe as a slow and prolonged decline, despite efforts to modernize.
1-The Agricultural Character
At a time when the Industrial Revolution swept through Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the Ottoman economy remained dependent on Agriculture.
As a result, the empire’s economic growth was weak, and the Agricultural surplus the empire was producing was going to pay off the loans of European creditors.
2-The Human Resources
“The human resources of the Ottoman Empire, like natural resources, were relatively underdeveloped”
Despite the efforts to improve education in the eighteenth century; the Ottoman Empire lagged behind its European competitors in the field of literacy. Deespite the presence of a number of universities and specialized schools in its provinces.
3-Shortage of Well-Trained Professionals
The Ottoman Empire was short of well-trained military officers, as well as engineers, writers, doctors and other professions.
Also the enormous diversity of race, language, economy and geography did not suit modern homogeneous societies.
4-Conflict with Russia
Neighboring Russia increasingly sought to become a rival. The Russian Empire was the greatest threat to the Ottoman Empire, and a real existential threat.
“When the two empires took opposite positions in World War I, the Russians ended up collapsing first because the Ottoman forces prevented Russia from obtaining supplies from Europe via the Black Sea, and Tsar Nicholas II resisted the idea of negotiating a separate peace agreement with The Ottoman Empire, which might have saved Tsarist Russia from collapse.
5-World War Siding with Germany
Lastly, the World War Siding with Germany in World War I was perhaps the most important reason behind the fall of the Ottoman Empire.